Negotiating Civil-Military Space: Redefining Roles in an Unpredictable World by Marcia Byrom Hartwell

Author:Marcia Byrom Hartwell [Hartwell, Marcia Byrom]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, General
ISBN: 9781317089414
Google: w88eDAAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 30143571
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2016-05-05T00:00:00+00:00

Preventing and deterring violence

Preventing and deterring violence is a highly nuanced undertaking that requires focus, observation, and a clear understanding of the ways in which different types of violence are linked. Many early research and prevention activities were developed in isolation from each other, making many interventions too limited to be effective (WHO 2002: 35). Policies were often focused on controlling and preventing direct violence without directing resources or attention to violence rooted in specific socioeconomic and cultural conditions. This resulted in myopic approaches that ignored larger environmental and structural drivers of conflicts leaving the potential for repeating future cycles of violence (Willman and Makisaka 2010: 46, 152). The UN recommends basic policy goals that include attempts to eliminate all forms of violence against vulnerable women, children and groups, measure reduction and prevention of violent deaths per a benchmark of 100,000 population, and that focus on reducing external drivers such as human trafficking, arms, drugs, illegal sales of natural resources, money laundering mechanisms. They should also publicly support law enforcement and justice processes that are perceived by all groups to be legitimate, accessible, impartial, non-discriminating and responsive (Willman and Makisaka 2010: 4).

Developing common indicators of violence

To successfully address underlying causes of conflicts civil–military planners will need to agree on goals, data collection and assessment methodologies to measure levels of internal violence. Identifying motivations and sharing their analysis is a crucial first step toward developing protocols that avoid unintentional provocations especially when operating with limited information in rapidly changing environments. This requires planning civilian and military actions by using a commonly shared index of violence indicators and confirming current circumstances through direct civil–military communication whenever possible. Data can be collected from factual records that cite when, where, why and by whom violence is perpetrated. These could include police reports, hospital and rehabilitation center records, registries and other official sources to help identify types, trends, frequency and location of violence and identities of victims and perpetrators. Injury surveillance systems such as “Injury Surveillance Guidelines” developed by the World Health Organization in 2007 and household surveys that have been successful in identifying previously unreported incidents of sexual, domestic and other types of interpersonal violence are used widely. Official crime and violence observation groups established in many countries draw data from death certificates and other vital statistics records, hospital records, police crime statistics, court records and population surveys. A regularly updated and shared large scale database can be created by triangulating information from these sources to gauge the level of internal violence (Willman and Makisaka 2010: 4, 48–9).

If official resources are unavailable data can be collected from whatever information there is to assess the context, related problems, and local capacity to launch prompt and effective interventions. As violence and its effects rarely evolve in a linear process it is essential that information from formal and informal rapid assessments, small scale surveys in hospitals and other locations, questions about targeted victims and other simple baseline surveys be collected and carefully assessed. These smaller scale assessments

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